In 1990, after 27 years behind bars, he was freed by President F.W. In 1963, Nelson Mandela, head of the anti-apartheid African National Congress, was given a life sentence in jail for "terrorist" activities. They established laws that separated whites from black South Africans, a practice of segregation called apartheid, which led to decades of conflict. In 1910, the British united four colonies in the region and created South Africa. In 1806, wars in Europe left the British in control of the Cape Town colony. In 1652, the Netherlands established the southern city of Cape Town, and Dutch farmers, called Boers, began settling in the areas around the city. In the 1400s, European ships heading to the Far East began stopping on the South African coast for supplies. Many San still live, much as their ancestors did, around the Kalahari Desert in the northwest. The find earned the region the nickname "Cradle of Humankind."Ībout 24,000 years ago, tribes of hunter-gatherers known as the San, or Bushmen, began moving into South Africa. Some are more than two million years old. Within these caves, archaeologists have uncovered some of the earliest human fossils ever found. In northern South Africa near Johannesburg, there is a cave formation called the Sterkfontein.
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